Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2015

The older population in the world especially in Iran is growing. According to census the number of individuals aged is approaching5/07 million In 2006 the nation is bracing for the aging of baby boom generation in 20 next year, which will swell the 65 and older population to10 million By 2020 and 26 million by 2050. (Iran census, 2006) this population trends ported increased demand for health care. This study examined community-based programs dimensions that performed in Kahrizak (Iran). The method was survey. The data were collected by questionnaire. 50 older adults that participated in these programs due to old age were interviewed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 11. For the theoretical framework we used Anderson health behavior model. The results showed that according this model financial factors; income, housing, receiving financial help and health insurance help older adults to use community-based programs. 62 percent of participants evaluated the programs good and they reported good mental and physical status. Because there is a bit literature in theoretical and practical field of that in Iran the study suggested more research about this subject in future.

The present study was an attempt to assess religious orientation and life satisfaction as well as to find out relationship of religious orientation with life satisfaction among university students. University students were also compared on religious orientation and life satisfaction with respect to their gender. The data for the present study was obtained from university students [N=200 (Males 110 & Females 90)] belonging to various departments of university of Kashmir. The data collected was analyzed by using appropriate statistical techniques like Pearson’s product moment correlation and t-test. The results showed significant positive correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and life satisfaction. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between extrinsic religious orientation and life satisfaction. Significant difference was also found among university students on extrinsic religious orientation and life satisfaction with respect to their gender. However, no significant difference was found among university students on intrinsic religious orientation with respect to their gender.

Fear of crime is a very prevalent issue today. It challenges the safety of cities. For this reason it has gained considerable attention among the sociologists and criminologists over the last 20 years. Whilst men experiencing relatively high rates of violence, they report their fear of crime less than women. In the contrary women have a much greater fear of crime than men, but are victimized less than men. This paper draws an original data collected from in depth interview with50 women aged 19 to 55 in Tehran. Narratives provided by women included in this study are used throughout the paper as means of drawing the attention to the point that fear is not something that happens out of the context but is situated in the social details of individuals’ circumstances and the life style. The authors of this paper organized their interview around a major theoretical and empirical divide in studies of fear of crime between approaches that see fear as a by-product of physical environment and those have emphasized on the social nature of fear. The result of research shows that the level of fear that a person holds depends on many factors including gender, age, past experience of being victimized, the location where one lives and so on. Based on the finding of this research women asserted that they are more fearful of crime than men. Whether in the marketplace, or the city, it is the fear of sexual violence and harassment from which underpins women high fear.

In this study, attempts have been made to investigate the self-healing factors in marital conflicts, with an emphasis on the views of Ayatollah Javadi Amoly in anthropology. A holistic approach based on strong points of marriage is better suited to meet different needs of couples, contributing to the resolution of conflicts, as compared to an approach that deals with strengths and self-healing factors separately. The present study, using a hermeneutic research method, intends to shed some light on the subject of the study (self-healing factors) using the potentials of qualitative approaches. Hermeneutics, as the interpretation of religious and literary texts, is based on content analysis that seeks to unravel hidden meanings through interpretation (Hafez Nia, 2008).That is, the researcher as an interpreter should align his horizon with that of author so as to construe his true intention. Accordingly, based on the researchers’ analysis, the self-healing beliefs were extracted from the anthropological texts of Ayatollah Javadi Amoly. In the next step, the extracted features were classified in four categories. After this stage, the extracted subjects were confirmed by three experts in this field. Thus, the intention of the author (Ayatollah Javadi Amoly) were identified and finalized through content analysis and the author’s horizons were determined. The results of this study showed that religious beliefs strengthen the personal and interpersonal power of couples and thus facilitate the resolution of problems and conflicts. If the couples can employ the above-mentioned self-healing beliefs to resolve their problem or conflicts and adopt a positive view of the situation, it can increase the stability and durability of the family. A healthy marriage requires the concurrent presence of important intrapersonal (such as the ability to re-make decision, and being grateful to the divine blessings) and interpersonal (e.g., commitment and forgiveness) components as well as religious beliefs discussed in this study.

Social stratification, formation of various classes and appearance of various layers in the society is a fact resulting from social conditions of public life and a wide variety of material, economic and subsistence factors as well as political situation, religious beliefs and public customs and thoughts; also ethnic divisions play an essential and undeniable role in this field. Greed and covetousness of the worldly-minded people increasingly widens the distance between the rich and the poor and causes deep gaps between social classes and exacerbates the differences between poor and rich classes. Saadi Shirazi drew the picture of inequality between upper classes of the society and middle and lower ones, increasing gap between various layers of the society and inequality between human groups as a tangible and visible fact through stories of Bustan and Gulistan and criticized the social conditions as a skilful critique and expressed his dissatisfaction with increased injustice and inequality. In his works, Sheikh of Shiraz, Saadi, explained and illustrated intrinsic characteristics and social behaviour of humankind and various classes of the society in a way that if he has addressed people of all ages and because of the same reason, he is considered as the most insightful poet and the most social Persian literature scholar and his words always feel fresh and effective and the impact of his exalted thoughts and high goals and deep influence of his words on national cultures and people’s hearts all over the world are known to all.

Nowadays, organizations are active in dynamic environments filled with changes and transformation. The requirement for surviving in such a situation is to create continuous organizational changes and upheavals, whether in behavioral dimension or structural one. In these organizational changes and upheavals, leadership and management have a determining role. Therefore, the existence of Knowledgeable and strategic leaders, or in other words, transformational leaders, is considered an inevitable necessity. The objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the transformational leadership style and spiritual intelligence in managers of Iran Power Network Management Company. Therefore, 30 individuals of the managers of the company were selected from deputies and departments of the organization using the census sampling method from. The subjects answered the Leadership Style Questionnaire of Bass and Avolio and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire. The findings of the research indicated that there is a significant and positive correlation between transformational leadership style and critical existential thinking (CET), personal meaning production (PMP), and transcendental awareness (TA). Further, Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that there is no significant correlation between transformational leadership style and the variable of conscious state expansion (CSE). In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis indicate that about 65% of the variance of variations in transformational leadership style are predictable by variables of personal meaning production (PMP) and critical existential thinking (CET).

Examination malpractice is any act carried out by anybody that defies the rules that guides a student whose knowledge or ability is being tested in a particular knowledge or skill with the aim of distorting the student’s true knowledge or ability. This article employs three classical major sociological perspectives in analyzing examination malpractice in Nigerian Universities. The structural-functional theory points out the contribution of examination malpractice in maintaining a stable social system and its negative consequences for the social system. Conflict theory reveals how examination malpractice generates various types of conflict in the social system and its role in perpetuating inequality. While the theory of symbolic-interactionism points out how examination malpractice takes place through interaction. This article explored various forms of examination malpractice including coming into the examination hall with extraneous materials, the use of mobile phones with internet connectivity, as well as plagiarism. Recommendations were suggested as it affects the role of stakeholders – students, lecturers, parents, the press, the government – in tackling/curbing examination malpractice in Nigerian Universities.